ABSTRACT
This review does not intend to convey detailed experimental or bibliographic data. Instead, it expresses the informal authors' personal views on topics that range from basic research on antigens and experimental models for Trypanosoma cruzi infection to vaccine prospects and vaccine production. The review also includes general aspects of Chagas' disease control and international and national policies on the subject. The authors contributed equally to the paper.
ABSTRACT
The perspectives for a Chagas Disease vaccine 30 years ago and today are compared. Antigens and adjuvants have improved, but logistic problems remain the same. Sterilizing vaccines have not been produced and animal models for chronic Chagas have not been developed. Vector control has been successful and Chagas incidence has come to a halt. We do not have a population candidate to vaccination now in Brazil. And if we had, we would not know how to evaluate the success of vaccination in a short time period. A vaccine may not seem important at the moment. However, scientific reasons and incertitudes about the future recommend that a search for a vaccine be continued.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chagas Disease/prevention & control , Protozoan Vaccines/immunology , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Models, Animal , Recombinant Proteins/immunologyABSTRACT
Discutem-se os componentes biogeográfico e econômico das doenças tropicais, ou, em sentido mais amplo, das doenças definidas como negligenciadas pela OMS. Doenças tropicais surgem graças a um conjunto de fatores biológicos, ecológicos e evolutivos que condicionam a sua ocorrência exclusivamente às proximidades do Equador, entre os trópicos de Câncer e Capricórnio. Nesse sentido, reconhece-se que há, de fato, uma "fatalidade tropical". Porém, a perpetuação das doenças tropicais em países aí situados depende fundamentalmente da precária situação econômica vigente e é conseqüência direta do subdesenvolvimento.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases , Demography , Developing Countries , Economics , Epidemiology/trends , Chagas Disease , Dengue , Elephantiasis, Filarial , Filariasis , Leishmaniasis , Malaria , Schistosomiasis , TrypanosomiasisABSTRACT
Ao fim do século 19, em seguida aos avanços na assepsia cirúrgica e no esclarecimento do papel de microorganismos como causadores de moléstias infecciosas, foram criados em escala mundial "institutos de pesquisa com os objetivos de conduzir pesquisa sobre as causas, prevenção e tratamento de homens e animais e de desenvolver produtos preventivos e curativos como vacinas e antitoxinas". Para atingir esses objetivos os institutos recrutaram os melhores cientistas disponíveis em todos os lugares. Este foi um período fulgurante para a pesquisa sublinhado por inúmeras descobertas sobre as doenças infecciosas. Passada essa fase, os institutos entraram em depressão e até mesmo insolvência. Muitos se recuperaram, alguns não. Muitos ainda sofrem de uma "crise de identidade". Neste ensaio analisamos o destino dos institutos de pesquisa em saúde no Brasil, as causas de seu sucesso e eventuais fracassos e as medidas possíveis de ajudá-los a contornar suas presentes dificuldades.
Subject(s)
Research , Academies and Institutes , Public HealthABSTRACT
A malaria control pilot project was developed in the Urupá agro-industrial farm that is situated in the State of Rondônia (Western Amazon Region, Brazil). Around 180 inhabitants had been surveyed for the past five years. The control measures were based on (1) training a community agent to perform on the spot microscopical diagnosis of malaria and to treat the uncomplicated cases of malaria; (2) limiting the use of insecticides to a short period before the high transmission season. This resulted in a significant reduction in the time between the onset of clinical symptoms and specific chemotherapy which fell from 3.5 to 1.3 days. In relation to the previous three reference years the total number of malaria cases was reduced to 50 in the first year and to 25 in the second year. The introduction of these measures coincided with pronounced reduction in the frequency of Plasmodium falciparum infections but this was less marked for P. vivax infections. In the second year of the pilot experiment there was no P. falciparum transmission on the farm. During the last decade there was a general decrease in the endemicity of malaria in the State of Rondônia. The linear regression coefficient values indicate that the decline was more pronounced in Urupá than in the general municipality and that the falciparum malaria API in Urupá farm is significantly lower than in the general municipality of Candeias were the farm is situated.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Malaria, Falciparum , Malaria, Vivax , Age Distribution , Brazil , Incidence , Health Surveys , Linear Models , Malaria, Falciparum , Malaria, Vivax , Pilot Projects , Prevalence , Rural Health/statistics & numerical data , Seasons , Sex DistributionABSTRACT
Fruits of cultivated and indigenous Solanaceae from Southeastern Brazil have been examined for the presence of trypanosomatid flagellates. The 14 species found infected were: Capsicum annum, C. praetermissum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicandra physaloides, Physalis angulata, Solanum sp., S. americanum, S. concinnum, S. diflorum, S. erianthum, S. gilo, S. robustum, S. variable and S. viarum. The pentatomid hemipteran Arvelius albopunctatus experimentally transmitted flagellates to fruits of some species. Cultures of flagellates were obtained form fruits of eight species of Salonaceae and from A. albopunctatus